Arashtad

Learn how to rename and move files in a Git repository using `git mv` to keep history and stage changes correctly. Renaming and Moving Files with Git When you rename or move files in a Git repository, using Git's built-in commands ensures the change is tracked properly and staged for commit. Using git mv The `git mv` command renames or moves a file and stages the change automatically: git mv old_filename new_filename This works for both renaming and moving files to different directories. Example: Rename a File git mv README.md README.txt git commit -m \\"Rename README.md to README.txt\\" Example: Move a File to a Subdirectory mkdir docs git mv README.txt docs/README.txt git commit -m \\"Move README.txt to docs directory\\" Alternative: Manual Rename/Move You can manually rename or move files using shell commands, but you must then stage the changes: mv old_...

Learn how to implement memoization in Python without using functools. Speed up your recursive functions with custom caching for better performance. Memoization in Python Without Using functools Memoization is a powerful optimization technique that stores the results of expensive function calls and reuses them when the same inputs occur again. While Python’s functools.lru_cache provides a built-in way to do this, you can also implement memoization manually. This is especially useful when you need full control over the caching mechanism or want to avoid using external libraries. What is Memoization? Memoization reduces the time complexity of recursive functions by caching results of previous calls. For instance, in a naive recursive Fibonacci implementation, repeated calculations of the same subproblems slow down performance dramatically. Memoization stores these results so that subsequent calls are fast. Manual Memoization Us...

Learn how to implement memoization in Python without using functools. Speed up your recursive functions with custom caching for better performance. Memoization in Python Without Using functools Memoization is a powerful optimization technique that stores the results of expensive function calls and reuses them when the same inputs occur again. While Python’s functools.lru_cache provides a built-in way to do this, you can also implement memoization manually. This is especially useful when you need full control over the caching mechanism or want to avoid using external libraries. What is Memoization? Memoization reduces the time complexity of recursive functions by caching results of previous calls. For instance, in a naive recursive Fibonacci implementation, repeated calculations of the same subproblems slow down performance dramatically. Memoization stores these results so that subsequent calls are fast. Manual Memoization Us...

Learn how to use switch statements in C programming with simple examples. A beginner-friendly guide running on Debian 12 with Vim. Switch Statement in C Programming The switch statement in C lets you execute one block of code out of many options based on the value of a variable. It's an alternative to multiple if-else statements for cleaner code. What is a Switch Statement? A switch evaluates an expression and jumps to the matching case label. If no case matches, the default block executes. Example Code This program prints the name of the day based on a number input (1-7): #include int main() int day; printf(\\"Enter a number (1-7): \\"); scanf(\\"%d\\", &day); switch(day) case 1: printf(\\"Sunday\\\ \\"); break; case 2: printf(\\"Monday\\\ \\"); break; case 3: prin...

Learn how to use switch statements in C programming with simple examples. A beginner-friendly guide running on Debian 12 with Vim. Switch Statement in C Programming The switch statement in C lets you execute one block of code out of many options based on the value of a variable. It's an alternative to multiple if-else statements for cleaner code. What is a Switch Statement? A switch evaluates an expression and jumps to the matching case label. If no case matches, the default block executes. Example Code This program prints the name of the day based on a number input (1-7): #include int main() int day; printf(\\"Enter a number (1-7): \\"); scanf(\\"%d\\", &day); switch(day) case 1: printf(\\"Sunday\\\ \\"); break; case 2: printf(\\"Monday\\\ \\"); break; case 3: prin...

Learn how to view detailed information about specific commits in Git using various commands for better version tracking. Viewing Commit Details in Git Inspecting commit details helps you understand the changes made, who made them, and when. Git offers commands to explore commits deeply. Using git show The `git show` command displays full details of a specific commit, including author, date, commit message, and the changes made. git show commit_hash If no commit hash is given, it shows the latest commit. Viewing Commit with git log The `git log` command lists commits with summaries. Use options for detailed output: git log -p -1 commit_hash This shows the patch (diff) for one commit. Browsing Commit History To view recent commits with brief info: git log --oneline -5 Shows last 5 commits as one-liners. Summary Use git show for full commit details and git log with o...

Learn how to view detailed information about specific commits in Git using various commands for better version tracking. Viewing Commit Details in Git Inspecting commit details helps you understand the changes made, who made them, and when. Git offers commands to explore commits deeply. Using git show The `git show` command displays full details of a specific commit, including author, date, commit message, and the changes made. git show commit_hash If no commit hash is given, it shows the latest commit. Viewing Commit with git log The `git log` command lists commits with summaries. Use options for detailed output: git log -p -1 commit_hash This shows the patch (diff) for one commit. Browsing Commit History To view recent commits with brief info: git log --oneline -5 Shows last 5 commits as one-liners. Summary Use git show for full commit details and git log with o...

Learn how to design fluent interfaces in Python using method chaining. Improve your code readability and make APIs more elegant with this powerful pattern. Building Fluent Interfaces with Method Chaining in Python Fluent interfaces are a design pattern that allows method calls to be chained together, resulting in more expressive and readable code. You see this style often in libraries like pandas and SQLAlchemy. What is Method Chaining? Method chaining means each method returns self , allowing multiple methods to be called in a single statement. Example: class Builder: def __init__(self): self.data = [] def add(self, value): self.data.append(value) return self def remove(self, value): if value in self.data: self.data.remove(value) return self def show(self): print(self.data) return self # Usage b = Builder() b.add(1).add(2).remove(1).sho...

Learn how to design fluent interfaces in Python using method chaining. Improve your code readability and make APIs more elegant with this powerful pattern. Building Fluent Interfaces with Method Chaining in Python Fluent interfaces are a design pattern that allows method calls to be chained together, resulting in more expressive and readable code. You see this style often in libraries like pandas and SQLAlchemy. What is Method Chaining? Method chaining means each method returns self , allowing multiple methods to be called in a single statement. Example: class Builder: def __init__(self): self.data = [] def add(self, value): self.data.append(value) return self def remove(self, value): if value in self.data: self.data.remove(value) return self def show(self): print(self.data) return self # Usage b = Builder() b.add(1).add(2).remove(1).sho...

Learn how to use if, else if, and else statements in C programming with clear examples. Build your understanding step by step in Debian 12 using Vim. If Else Statement in C Programming If-Else statements are fundamental in C for decision making. They let your program execute different blocks of code based on conditions. This lesson shows how to use if, else if, and else with practical examples. What is If-Else? An if statement checks a condition and executes a block if the condition is true. Else if adds more conditions, and else handles all remaining cases. Example Code This program checks if a number is positive, negative, or zero: #include int main() int number; printf(\\"Enter a number: \\"); scanf(\\"%d\\", &number); if (number > 0) printf(\\"The number is positive.\\\ \\"); else if (number Compiling and Running To compile and r...

Learn how to use if, else if, and else statements in C programming with clear examples. Build your understanding step by step in Debian 12 using Vim. If Else Statement in C Programming If-Else statements are fundamental in C for decision making. They let your program execute different blocks of code based on conditions. This lesson shows how to use if, else if, and else with practical examples. What is If-Else? An if statement checks a condition and executes a block if the condition is true. Else if adds more conditions, and else handles all remaining cases. Example Code This program checks if a number is positive, negative, or zero: #include int main() int number; printf(\\"Enter a number: \\"); scanf(\\"%d\\", &number); if (number > 0) printf(\\"The number is positive.\\\ \\"); else if (number Compiling and Running To compile and r...

Learn how to create Git aliases to speed up your workflow by shortening common Git commands. Setting Up Git Aliases for Faster Workflow Git aliases let you create shortcuts for frequently used commands, saving time and typing effort. This lesson shows how to define and use Git aliases. Creating Simple Aliases Use git config --global alias.name command to create an alias. For example: git config --global alias.st status git config --global alias.co checkout git config --global alias.br branch Now, git st runs git status . Using Aliases Once set, aliases behave like normal Git commands: git st git co main git br Listing All Aliases View all configured aliases with: git config --get-regexp alias Summary Aliases simplify your Git experience. Customize your most-used commands to speed up everyday tasks. Subscribe to Our YouTu...

Learn how to create Git aliases to speed up your workflow by shortening common Git commands. Setting Up Git Aliases for Faster Workflow Git aliases let you create shortcuts for frequently used commands, saving time and typing effort. This lesson shows how to define and use Git aliases. Creating Simple Aliases Use git config --global alias.name command to create an alias. For example: git config --global alias.st status git config --global alias.co checkout git config --global alias.br branch Now, git st runs git status . Using Aliases Once set, aliases behave like normal Git commands: git st git co main git br Listing All Aliases View all configured aliases with: git config --get-regexp alias Summary Aliases simplify your Git experience. Customize your most-used commands to speed up everyday tasks. Subscribe to Our YouTu...

Understand the difference between shallow and deep copies in Python using the copy module. Learn how to avoid unexpected behavior when copying mutable objects. Deep Copy vs Shallow Copy in Python: Mastering the copy Module Copying objects in Python is not as straightforward as it might seem, especially when dealing with mutable objects like lists or dictionaries. There are two primary ways to copy objects: shallow copy and deep copy. Understanding the difference is critical to avoid unintended side effects in your programs. What is a Shallow Copy? A shallow copy creates a new object but does not create copies of nested objects. Instead, it copies references to the nested objects. This means changes to the nested objects in the copy will also affect the original object. In Python, you can create a shallow copy using the copy.copy() function from the copy module. import copy original_list = [[1, 2], [3, 4]] shallow_copied_...

Understand the difference between shallow and deep copies in Python using the copy module. Learn how to avoid unexpected behavior when copying mutable objects. Deep Copy vs Shallow Copy in Python: Mastering the copy Module Copying objects in Python is not as straightforward as it might seem, especially when dealing with mutable objects like lists or dictionaries. There are two primary ways to copy objects: shallow copy and deep copy. Understanding the difference is critical to avoid unintended side effects in your programs. What is a Shallow Copy? A shallow copy creates a new object but does not create copies of nested objects. Instead, it copies references to the nested objects. This means changes to the nested objects in the copy will also affect the original object. In Python, you can create a shallow copy using the copy.copy() function from the copy module. import copy original_list = [[1, 2], [3, 4]] shallow_copied_...

Learn type casting and type conversion in C programming on Debian 12 using Vim. Understand implicit and explicit conversions with examples and clear explanations. Type Casting and Conversion in C Programming Type casting and type conversion are crucial in C programming when working with different data types. They let you control how data is interpreted, converted, and processed during operations. This lesson explains both implicit and explicit conversions with clear examples. What is Type Conversion? Type conversion happens when a value of one data type is automatically converted to another. This occurs in expressions where mixed data types are used. For example, when adding an int and a float, the int is automatically promoted to a float. What is Type Casting? Type casting, on the other hand, is when you explicitly tell the compiler to treat a value as another type. This is useful when you need precise control over the ...

Learn type casting and type conversion in C programming on Debian 12 using Vim. Understand implicit and explicit conversions with examples and clear explanations. Type Casting and Conversion in C Programming Type casting and type conversion are crucial in C programming when working with different data types. They let you control how data is interpreted, converted, and processed during operations. This lesson explains both implicit and explicit conversions with clear examples. What is Type Conversion? Type conversion happens when a value of one data type is automatically converted to another. This occurs in expressions where mixed data types are used. For example, when adding an int and a float, the int is automatically promoted to a float. What is Type Casting? Type casting, on the other hand, is when you explicitly tell the compiler to treat a value as another type. This is useful when you need precise control over the ...

Discover how to use Git's built-in help commands to quickly access documentation and command usage directly from the terminal. Using Git Help Commands Effectively Git includes comprehensive built-in help that you can access anytime from the command line. Knowing how to find help fast boosts your productivity. Basic Help Commands To get general help, type: git help This shows a list of common Git commands. Help for Specific Commands Get detailed help on any Git command with: git help commit git help status git help log This opens the manual page for that command. Alternative Help Syntax You can also use: git --help git -h These show the same documentation. Help Search Search Git documentation for keywords: git help -g \\"merge\\" Summary Git help commands give you quick access to manuals and documentation right in the terminal. Use t...

Discover how to use Git's built-in help commands to quickly access documentation and command usage directly from the terminal. Using Git Help Commands Effectively Git includes comprehensive built-in help that you can access anytime from the command line. Knowing how to find help fast boosts your productivity. Basic Help Commands To get general help, type: git help This shows a list of common Git commands. Help for Specific Commands Get detailed help on any Git command with: git help commit git help status git help log This opens the manual page for that command. Alternative Help Syntax You can also use: git --help git -h These show the same documentation. Help Search Search Git documentation for keywords: git help -g \\"merge\\" Summary Git help commands give you quick access to manuals and documentation right in the terminal. Use t...

Understand the difference between Git global and local configurations, and learn how to set and view them for effective version control management. Git Global vs Local Configuration: What You Need to Know Git configuration allows you to customize settings either globally for all repositories or locally for a specific repository. Knowing the difference helps you manage your projects effectively. Global Configuration Global settings apply to all repositories on your machine. They are stored in the ~/.gitconfig file. git config --global user.name \\"Your Name\\" git config --global user.email \\"you@example.com\\" Use global config to set defaults you want everywhere. Local Configuration Local settings override global ones for a specific repository. These settings are stored in the repository's .git/config file. git config --local user.name \\"Project Name\\" git config --l...

Understand the difference between Git global and local configurations, and learn how to set and view them for effective version control management. Git Global vs Local Configuration: What You Need to Know Git configuration allows you to customize settings either globally for all repositories or locally for a specific repository. Knowing the difference helps you manage your projects effectively. Global Configuration Global settings apply to all repositories on your machine. They are stored in the ~/.gitconfig file. git config --global user.name \\"Your Name\\" git config --global user.email \\"you@example.com\\" Use global config to set defaults you want everywhere. Local Configuration Local settings override global ones for a specific repository. These settings are stored in the repository's .git/config file. git config --local user.name \\"Project Name\\" git config --l...

Learn about Boolean values and logical operators in C. This tutorial explains how true/false work and covers &&, ||, and ! with examples on Debian 12 using Vim. Boolean and Logical Operators in C In C, Boolean values represent truth using integers: 0 for false and any non-zero value for true. Logical operators allow you to combine or invert these conditions. Boolean Values in C C does not have a native boolean type in older standards. Instead, it uses: 0 : Represents false. Non-zero : Represents true (commonly 1). In modern C (C99 and later), you can use #include to get true and false keywords. Logical Operators && (Logical AND) : True if both conditions are true. || (Logical OR) : True if at least one condition is true. ! (Logical NOT) : Inverts the truth value. Example Program: Boolean and Logical Operators This program dem...

Learn about Boolean values and logical operators in C. This tutorial explains how true/false work and covers &&, ||, and ! with examples on Debian 12 using Vim. Boolean and Logical Operators in C In C, Boolean values represent truth using integers: 0 for false and any non-zero value for true. Logical operators allow you to combine or invert these conditions. Boolean Values in C C does not have a native boolean type in older standards. Instead, it uses: 0 : Represents false. Non-zero : Represents true (commonly 1). In modern C (C99 and later), you can use #include to get true and false keywords. Logical Operators && (Logical AND) : True if both conditions are true. || (Logical OR) : True if at least one condition is true. ! (Logical NOT) : Inverts the truth value. Example Program: Boolean and Logical Operators This program dem...

Learn how to overload arithmetic operators in Python using __add__ and __mul__ to make custom classes behave like built-in types. Overloading Arithmetic Operators in Python with __add__ and __mul__ In Python, operator overloading allows you to define how operators like + and * behave for your custom objects. This is done by implementing special methods like __add__ for addition and __mul__ for multiplication. This feature lets your classes integrate naturally with Python syntax, improving code readability and usability. Why Overload Operators? Overloading operators makes custom classes behave like native types. For instance, a Vector class can define addition and multiplication in a way that supports v1 + v2 or v1 * 3 . Implementing __add__ and __mul__ To overload arithmetic operators, define __add__(self, other) for addition and __mul__(self, other) for multiplication: class Vector: def __init__(self, x...

Learn how to overload arithmetic operators in Python using __add__ and __mul__ to make custom classes behave like built-in types. Overloading Arithmetic Operators in Python with __add__ and __mul__ In Python, operator overloading allows you to define how operators like + and * behave for your custom objects. This is done by implementing special methods like __add__ for addition and __mul__ for multiplication. This feature lets your classes integrate naturally with Python syntax, improving code readability and usability. Why Overload Operators? Overloading operators makes custom classes behave like native types. For instance, a Vector class can define addition and multiplication in a way that supports v1 + v2 or v1 * 3 . Implementing __add__ and __mul__ To overload arithmetic operators, define __add__(self, other) for addition and __mul__(self, other) for multiplication: class Vector: def __init__(self, x...

Learn how to set the default branch name for new Git repositories locally and globally to match your preferred workflow. Setting Default Branch Name in Git By default, Git initializes new repositories with the branch named master . Many teams prefer to use main or another name as the default branch. This lesson explains how to configure Git to use your preferred default branch name globally or per repository. Checking Current Default Branch New repositories start with the branch named master by default unless changed. Set Default Branch Name Globally To change the default branch name for all new repositories on your machine: git config --global init.defaultBranch main Set Default Branch Name Per Repository Inside an existing repo, override the default for that repo only: git config init.defaultBranch develop Initialize a New Repository with Default Branch After setting this, git...

Learn how to set the default branch name for new Git repositories locally and globally to match your preferred workflow. Setting Default Branch Name in Git By default, Git initializes new repositories with the branch named master . Many teams prefer to use main or another name as the default branch. This lesson explains how to configure Git to use your preferred default branch name globally or per repository. Checking Current Default Branch New repositories start with the branch named master by default unless changed. Set Default Branch Name Globally To change the default branch name for all new repositories on your machine: git config --global init.defaultBranch main Set Default Branch Name Per Repository Inside an existing repo, override the default for that repo only: git config init.defaultBranch develop Initialize a New Repository with Default Branch After setting this, git...

Learn how comparison operators work in C. We cover each operator step by step with clear examples on Debian 12 using Vim. Understanding Comparison Operators in C Comparison operators are used in C to compare values. They return either true (1) or false (0), making them essential for decision-making in programs. What Are Comparison Operators? Comparison operators test relationships between two values. They are often used in conditional statements like if-else and loops. == (Equal to): Returns true if both values are the same. != (Not equal to): Returns true if the values are different. > (Greater than): True if the left value is larger. (Less than): True if the left value is smaller. >= (Greater than or equal to): True if the left value is larger or equal. (Less than or equal to): True if the left value is smaller or equal. Declaring Variables We ...

Learn how comparison operators work in C. We cover each operator step by step with clear examples on Debian 12 using Vim. Understanding Comparison Operators in C Comparison operators are used in C to compare values. They return either true (1) or false (0), making them essential for decision-making in programs. What Are Comparison Operators? Comparison operators test relationships between two values. They are often used in conditional statements like if-else and loops. == (Equal to): Returns true if both values are the same. != (Not equal to): Returns true if the values are different. > (Greater than): True if the left value is larger. (Less than): True if the left value is smaller. >= (Greater than or equal to): True if the left value is larger or equal. (Less than or equal to): True if the left value is smaller or equal. Declaring Variables We ...

Learn how to implement custom chained comparisons in Python using rich comparison methods like __lt__ and __gt__ for more expressive code. Chaining Comparisons in Python with __lt__, __gt__, and Others In Python, comparison operators like , ==, and != can be customized for your own classes. This is possible thanks to Python’s rich comparison methods such as __lt__ (less than), __gt__ (greater than), __eq__ (equals), and others. They allow objects to behave intuitively when compared and enable complex chained comparisons like if a . Why Customize Comparisons? Custom comparisons make your objects integrate naturally with Python’s syntax. For instance, a Box class can compare instances by their volume, making conditions like if box1 > box2 meaningful. You can even enable chained comparisons for more readable and concise logic. Implementing Rich Comparison Methods To enable this, define the rich comparison dunder met...